链接预测是图形结构数据（例如，社交网络，药物副作用网络等）的基本问题。图形神经网络为此问题提供了强大的解决方案，特别是通过学习封闭目标链接的子图的表示（即节点对）。但是，这些解决方案不能很好地扩展到大图，因为封闭子图的提取和操作在计算上是昂贵的，尤其是对于大图。本文提出了一个可扩展的链接预测解决方案，我们称之为缩放，该解决方案利用稀疏的封闭子图来做出预测。为了提取稀疏的封闭子图，缩放缩放从目标对节点进行多次随机步行，然后在所有访问的节点引起的采样封闭子图上操作。通过利用较小的采样封闭子图，缩放的缩放可以缩放到较大的图形，而在保持高精度的同时，缩小开销要少得多。缩放进一步提供了控制计算开销与准确性之间的权衡的灵活性。通过全面的实验，我们已经证明，缩放可以产生与现有子图表示学习框架报告的同时所报道的，同时计算要求较少的准确性。

随着机器学习系统的计算要求以及机器学习框架的规模和复杂性的增加，基本框架创新变得具有挑战性。尽管计算需求驱动了最近的编译器，网络和硬件的进步，但通过机器学习工具对这些进步的利用却以较慢的速度发生。这部分是由于与现有框架原型制作新的计算范式有关的困难。大型框架将机器学习研究人员和从业人员作为最终用户的优先级优先，并且很少关注能够向前推动框架的系统研究人员 - 我们认为两者都是同等重要的利益相关者。我们介绍了手电筒，这是一个开源库，旨在通过优先考虑开放式，模块化，可定制的内部设备以及最新的，可用于研究的模型和培训设置，以刺激机器学习工具和系统的创新。手电筒使系统研究人员能够快速原型并尝试机器学习计算中的新思想，并且开销低，与其他流行的机器学习框架竞争并经常超过其他流行的机器学习框架。我们将手电筒视为一种工具，可以使可以使广泛使用的图书馆受益，并使机器学习和系统研究人员更加紧密地结合在一起。手电筒可从https://github.com/flashlight/flashlight获得。

在神经元网络中，使用本地信息单独更新，允许完全分散的学习。相反，人工神经网络（ANN）中的元件通常使用中央处理器同时更新。在这里，我们调查最近引入的分散，物理驱动的学习网络中异步学习的可行性和影响。我们表明，在理想化模拟中，Desynchization Learing Processe不会降低各种任务的性能。在实验中，Des同步实际上通过允许系统更好地探索解决方案的离散状态空间来实现性能。我们在随机梯度下降中的异步和迷你批处理之间绘制了类比，并表明它们对学习过程具有类似的影响。 des同步学习过程将物理驱动的学习网络建立为真正完全分布式的学习机器，在部署中提高更好的性能和可扩展性。

Biological systems and processes are networks of complex nonlinear regulatory interactions between nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. A natural way in which to represent these interaction networks is through the use of a graph. In this formulation, each node represents a nucleic acid, protein, or metabolite and edges represent intermolecular interactions (inhibition, regulation, promotion, coexpression, etc.). In this work, a novel algorithm for the discovery of latent graph structures given experimental data is presented.

The Government of Kerala had increased the frequency of supply of free food kits owing to the pandemic, however, these items were static and not indicative of the personal preferences of the consumers. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of various clustering techniques on a scaled-down version of a real-world dataset obtained through a conjoint analysis-based survey. Clustering carried out by centroid-based methods such as k means is analyzed and the results are plotted along with SVD, and finally, a conclusion is reached as to which among the two is better. Once the clusters have been formulated, commodities are also decided upon for each cluster. Also, clustering is further enhanced by reassignment, based on a specific cluster loss threshold. Thus, the most efficacious clustering technique for designing a food kit tailored to the needs of individuals is finally obtained.

Over the past decade, neural networks have been successful at making predictions from biological sequences, especially in the context of regulatory genomics. As in other fields of deep learning, tools have been devised to extract features such as sequence motifs that can explain the predictions made by a trained network. Here we intend to go beyond explainable machine learning and introduce SEISM, a selective inference procedure to test the association between these extracted features and the predicted phenotype. In particular, we discuss how training a one-layer convolutional network is formally equivalent to selecting motifs maximizing some association score. We adapt existing sampling-based selective inference procedures by quantizing this selection over an infinite set to a large but finite grid. Finally, we show that sampling under a specific choice of parameters is sufficient to characterize the composite null hypothesis typically used for selective inference-a result that goes well beyond our particular framework. We illustrate the behavior of our method in terms of calibration, power and speed and discuss its power/speed trade-off with a simpler data-split strategy. SEISM paves the way to an easier analysis of neural networks used in regulatory genomics, and to more powerful methods for genome wide association studies (GWAS).

Prior works on improving speech quality with visual input typically study each type of auditory distortion separately (e.g., separation, inpainting, video-to-speech) and present tailored algorithms. This paper proposes to unify these subjects and study Generalized Speech Enhancement, where the goal is not to reconstruct the exact reference clean signal, but to focus on improving certain aspects of speech. In particular, this paper concerns intelligibility, quality, and video synchronization. We cast the problem as audio-visual speech resynthesis, which is composed of two steps: pseudo audio-visual speech recognition (P-AVSR) and pseudo text-to-speech synthesis (P-TTS). P-AVSR and P-TTS are connected by discrete units derived from a self-supervised speech model. Moreover, we utilize self-supervised audio-visual speech model to initialize P-AVSR. The proposed model is coined ReVISE. ReVISE is the first high-quality model for in-the-wild video-to-speech synthesis and achieves superior performance on all LRS3 audio-visual enhancement tasks with a single model. To demonstrates its applicability in the real world, ReVISE is also evaluated on EasyCom, an audio-visual benchmark collected under challenging acoustic conditions with only 1.6 hours of training data. Similarly, ReVISE greatly suppresses noise and improves quality. Project page: https://wnhsu.github.io/ReVISE.

Due to the high activation sparsity and use of accumulates (AC) instead of expensive multiply-and-accumulates (MAC), neuromorphic spiking neural networks (SNNs) have emerged as a promising low-power alternative to traditional DNNs for several computer vision (CV) applications. However, most existing SNNs require multiple time steps for acceptable inference accuracy, hindering real-time deployment and increasing spiking activity and, consequently, energy consumption. Recent works proposed direct encoding that directly feeds the analog pixel values in the first layer of the SNN in order to significantly reduce the number of time steps. Although the overhead for the first layer MACs with direct encoding is negligible for deep SNNs and the CV processing is efficient using SNNs, the data transfer between the image sensors and the downstream processing costs significant bandwidth and may dominate the total energy. To mitigate this concern, we propose an in-sensor computing hardware-software co-design framework for SNNs targeting image recognition tasks. Our approach reduces the bandwidth between sensing and processing by 12-96x and the resulting total energy by 2.32x compared to traditional CV processing, with a 3.8% reduction in accuracy on ImageNet.

Language models (LMs) often generate incoherent outputs: they refer to events and entity states that are incompatible with the state of the world described in their inputs. We introduce SituationSupervision, a family of approaches for improving coherence in LMs by training them to construct and condition on explicit representations of entities and their states. SituationSupervision has two components: an auxiliary situation modeling task that trains models to predict state representations in context, and a latent state inference procedure that imputes these states from partially annotated training data. SituationSupervision can be applied to both fine-tuning (by supervising LMs to encode state variables in their hidden representations) and prompting (by inducing LMs to interleave textual descriptions of entity states with output text). In both cases, SituationSupervision requires only a small number of state annotations to produce major coherence improvements (between 4-11%), showing that standard LMs can be sample-efficiently trained to model not just language but the situations it describes.

We describe PromptBoosting, a query-efficient procedure for building a text classifier from a neural language model (LM) without access to the LM's parameters, gradients, or hidden representations. This form of "black-box" classifier training has become increasingly important as the cost of training and inference in large-scale LMs grows. But existing black-box LM classifier learning approaches are themselves computationally inefficient, typically specializing LMs to the target task by searching in a large space of (discrete or continuous) prompts using zeroth-order optimization methods. Instead of directly optimizing in prompt space, PromptBoosting obtains a small pool of prompts via a gradient-free approach and then constructs a large pool of weak learners by pairing these prompts with different elements of the LM's output distribution. These weak learners are then ensembled using the AdaBoost algorithm. The entire learning process requires only a small number of forward passes and no backward pass. Experiments show that PromptBoosting achieves state-of-the-art performance in multiple black-box few-shot classification tasks, and matches or outperforms full fine-tuning in both few-shot and standard learning paradigms, while training 10x faster than existing black-box methods.